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Old English magic, also known as "wyrd" or "seidr," was a powerful and mysterious practice that existed in the early medieval period of England. This form of magic was deeply rooted in the beliefs and traditions of the Germanic peoples who inhabited England during that time. The Old English magic system relied heavily on the concept of interconnectedness and the concept of fate. Practitioners believed in the existence of a complex web of destiny, known as "wyrd," which governed all aspects of life. They believed that by tapping into this concept, they could manipulate the natural forces and influence the outcomes of events. The practitioners of Old English magic, often known as seers or wisemen, were highly respected individuals with deep knowledge of the supernatural world.

As Indigenous people were being executed for devil worship in South and Central America, witch trials arrived in the North American colonies. When the elites of New England wrote Bible-inflected legal codes in the early 1600s, they included witchcraft as a crime punishable by death. The first official trial, in 1647 in Connecticut, was probably influenced by a wave of executions in England. By 1725 more than 300 people had been accused of witchcraft in New England, nearly four fifths of whom were women.

Artwork in Federici s apartment includes Reclaim the Commons left , by Erik Ruin; depictions of struggles, among them Peasant s Revolt by Rachel Hewitt, to the right center ; and a poster right on the International Wages for Housework campaign, which Federici co-founded in 1972. In Kenya, they have planted millions of trees as part of the Greenbelt Movement, an effort for which Wangari Maathai, its founder, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004.

The practitioners of Old English magic, often known as seers or wisemen, were highly respected individuals with deep knowledge of the supernatural world. They possessed the ability to communicate with the spiritual realm and gain insights and wisdom from otherworldly entities. One of the most well-known practices of Old English magic was the ritual known as "seidr.

Feminist witches movement aims to destigmatize the craft

It took shape when Scotland formally apologized for its misogynistic witch trials of more than 500 years ago.

on NBC News Now

When Scotland became one of the first countries to formally apologize to the nearly 4,000 people accused of witchcraft during witch trials that took place more than 500 years ago, it sparked a feminist movement among present-day witches and their supporters.

The head of the Scottish government, First Minister Nicola Sturgeon, announced the apology on March 8, International Women’s Day, as part of a push in Parliament to recognize misogyny as a hate crime at the request of the Witches of Scotland, a campaign that also seeks a formal government pardon for those accused of witchcraft and a national memorial for the lives lost during the trials.

“We want to know our own history, and we’re no longer happy with the one-sided history, the same history that men or scholars have reported,” said Claire Mitchell, a lawyer who started the campaign with Zoe Venditozzi, a teacher. Neither identifies as a witch.

The Scotland witch trials began after the passage of the Witchcraft Act in 1563, which made practicing witchcraft or consulting with witches capital offenses. An estimated 2,500 women were killed for allegedly violating the law, according to the University of Edinburgh. It was repealed in 1736.

None of the accused women were practicing witches, Mitchell said, but the Scottish government used women as scapegoats to explain away the country’s adversities.

“I absolutely believe the accusations of witchcraft are a feminist issue,” she said. “It was always women to a greater degree that were accused of witchcraft.”

Practicing witches are using past mistreatment to inspire a new feminist movement among their ranks globally, with a goal of erasing the stigma surrounding witchcraft. In the U.S., 1 million people are estimated to identify as pagan or Wiccan, according to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center; not all of those who practice witchcraft are Wiccan. The infamous Salem witch trials in Massachusetts occurred in 1692 and 1693.

An engraving depicts citizens arresting a witch in New England. Salem Witch Trial Archive Project

Pam Grossman, the author of the book “Waking the Witch: Reflections on Women, Magic, and Power,” said the feminist movement has been a long time coming.

“We’re starting to see people re-appropriate ‘the witch’ and redefine the witch as this rebellious, feminist being who is a conductor of feminine power,” she said.

But some have criticized the witch community for racism and appropriation of proper witchcraft techniques.

Aurora Luna, who practices witchcraft in the U.S. and shares their insights on social media, said they have noticed some disturbing trends.

“There are clear divides,” Luna said. “There is extreme racism and blatant negative aspects. Wanting to make the [craft] palatable is the watering down of witchcraft.”

In a report last year, the United Nations said the number of albino people killed because they were suspected of witchcraft has increased during the coronavirus pandemic, as some believe the superstitions that albinos are Covid-19 carriers or that using their body parts in potions can bring good luck and wealth. The U.N. Human Rights Council passed a groundbreaking resolution condemning violations committed through witchcraft accusations and ritual attacks.

Campaigns like the Witches of Scotland face pushback from critics who do not see the point of pardoning convicted witches from centuries ago. Venditozzi said the reaction shows there is more work to be done. Her group is working with members of the Scottish Parliament to ensure that the accused witches of old are formally pardoned and that a national memorial is established.

“We are in no way out of the woods of misogyny,” she said. “Humans always go back to the idea of attacking the vulnerable in society.”

Olivia Wilson is a segment producer for NBC News Now.

As fertile fields available to the marginalized become scarce, conflict over even a small plot can indirectly precipitate a “witch” killing. In cultures that fear sorcerers, says Miranda Forsyth, a researcher with Australian National University's Sorcery Accusation Related Violence Project, “if you are in a land dispute already and a misfortune happens to you, then you're far more likely to think, ‘It must have been those people who have caused this.’”

" This ritual involved entering into an altered state of consciousness through chanting, drumming, and trance-like movements. Seers believed that in this state, they could connect with the spirits and gain knowledge or insight into the future. Old English magic also involved the use of various herbs, potions, and charms for healing and protection purposes. These practitioners were well-versed in the properties and uses of different plants and substances and how they could be harnessed for magical purposes. It is important to note that Old English magic was not limited to a specific group or class of people. Both men and women could practice it, although women were often more associated with the craft due to their connection with the spiritual realm and their roles as healers and wise women. With the transition to Christianity in England, Old English magic gradually declined and was eventually replaced by a more Christianized understanding of magic. However, remnants of this ancient practice can still be found in folklore, legends, and traditional beliefs. In conclusion, Old English magic was a fascinating and complex form of magic that played a significant role in the lives of the people of early medieval England. It offered them a way to connect with the supernatural world and influence the outcomes of events using the power of wyrd and seidr. While it may have faded away with time, its influence can still be felt in the rich history and mythology of the English people..

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