The establishment of witchcraft can be traced back to ancient times. Witchcraft refers to the practice of magic, spellcasting, and the association with supernatural or mystical powers. It has been a subject of fascination, fear, and controversy throughout history. **The main idea is that the establishment of witchcraft is grounded in ancient times.** Ancient civilizations, such as the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, and Greeks, had a belief in magic and spellcasting. In these societies, individuals who possessed special knowledge or abilities were often revered or feared as witches or sorcerers.
Puff the magic dragon plane
BY LOCKHEED
Introduced in August 1962, the C-130E conducted critical United States Air Force (USAF) missions during the Vietnam War through the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. It also supported countless USAF humanitarian efforts around the globe and in all climates.
Originally designed by Lockheed as an assault transport capable of operating from unpaved airstrips, the C-130 Hercules made its first flight in August 1954. Over the next half century, the USAF used various versions of this versatile aircraft for aeromedical evacuation, mid-air refueling of helicopters, mid-air space capsule recovery, search and rescue, reconnaissance, as a gunship, and for many other missions.
The C-130E on display entered service in April 1964. It had a long career, including extensive service in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War for both the USAF and Air America. Before the Vietnam War, 7868 participated in Operation Red Dragon, the deployment of Belgian paratroopers and the rescue of hostages in the Congo in November 1964. The aircraft’s last assignment was to Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas, where it was used for aircrew training.
This aircraft was retired in September 2011 after being in service for 47 years.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Span: 132 ft. 7 in.
Length: 97 ft. 9 in.
Height: 38 ft. 10 in.
Weight: 155,000 lbs. max.
Maximum load: Six pallets or 74 litters
or 16 container delivery system bundles
or 92 combat troops or 64 paratroopers
or any combination of these up to 42,000 lbs.
Engines: Four Allison T-56-A-7 turboprops of 4,200 hp. ea.
Cost: $2,159,474
Crew: 4
Serial Number: 63-7868
PERFORMANCE:
Speed: 345 mph. at 20,000 ft.
Range: 1,438 miles with 35,000 lbs. of payload
Service ceiling: 19,000 ft. with 42,000 lbs. of payload
Douglas AC-47 Spooky
Few aircraft are as well known or were so widely used for so long as the C-47 or “Gooney Bird” as it was nicknamed. The aircraft was adapted from the DC-3 commercial airliner which appeared in 1936. The first C-47s were ordered in 1940 and by the end of WW II, 9,348 had been procured for the USAAF. They carried personnel and cargo, towed troop-carrying gliders and dropped paratroops into enemy territory. They participated in the Berlin Airlift, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. The development of the “Gooney Bird” as a gunship was largely due to a pilot’s need to train his guns on a site and continue to circle the site for long periods of time, while continually hitting the target with reasonable accuracy. The flight testing of these “gun ships” was accomplished here at Eglin AFB, FL in 1964, using three 7.62mm SUU-11A Gatling mini-guns. On December 2, 1964, the first AC-47s arrived in Vietnam and were assigned to the 1st Air Commando Squadron. The ground troops affectionately called the AC-47 “Puff – the Magic Dragon”. It was noted that the Viet Cong never seeing such an attack from the sky, thought it to be a fire breathing dragon. “Spooky” became the call sign for the AC-47 and that name is the one that stuck with the AC-47. This C-47K S/N 44-76486 is being depicted as AC-47D S/N 43-49010 which was one of the first twenty C-47Ds converted to its AC-47D configuration by Air International at Miami, FL. AC-47 S/N 43-49010 was assigned to the 4th Special Operations Squadron, 14th Special Operations Wing, Udorn RTAFB, Thailand during the Vietnam War from 1969 - 1970.
Specifications
- Roll - Ground-attack aircraft and close air support gunship
- Manufacturer - Douglas Aircraft Company
- First - flight 1964
- Crew Size Four crewmembers on C-47K, Seven crewmembers on AC-47D
- Armament Three – 7.62mm SUU-11A Gatling mini-guns, or Ten - .30 Cal. AN/M2 machine guns and Forty-eight Mk 24 Flares on AC-47 Model aircraft
- Primary users United States Air Force (former) Philippine Air Force (former) Royal Lao Air Force Colombian Air Force
AFAM
The Air Force Armament Museum is the only museum in the world dedicated to the collection, preservation and exhibition of artifacts and memorabilia associated with Air Force Armament and its platforms of delivery.
Useful Links
Contact Us
100 Museum Drive
Eglin Air Force Base, Florida 32542
United States
Phone: +1 850-882-4062
Email: [email protected]
Puff the magic dragon plane
The AC-47 Gunship
by Garnet Bracca
"Puff the magic Dragon,
a bird of days long gone,
Came to fly the evening sky
In a land called Vietnam."
Unknown
The USAF became involved in Vietnam in early January, 1953 when it sent teams of mechanics to help the French maintain their C-47s, some of which were from US Air Force reserve stocks. When France yielded independence to Vietnam in February 1955, a small air force was formed with two squadrons of C-47s in the southern half of the country. The United States trained and provided assistance to this fledgling air force. By 1961, additional C-47s had been supplied to the South Vietnamese Air Force to help their fight against the increasing threat from the Viet Cong. As the Viet Cong activity shifted to nighttime operations the C-47 was virtually born again into a new role, twenty years after production of these airplanes had ceased. What Donald Douglas had designed as a basic passenger airplane evolved into a highly efficient gunship, designated the AC-47.
The idea for the gun ships came from an Air Force officer, Captain Ronald W. Terry, who had seen DC-3s delivering mail and supplies to remote jungle areas in South America. The aircraft would circle in a steep pylon turn, lowering a bucket on a long rope. The bucket would orbit in a tight circle, suspended from the cargo door, and someone on the ground placed mail in it. Captain Terry suggested adapting this procedure to warfare situations by replacing the rope with a line of machine gun fire.
They tried the idea with ten, 30 caliber machine guns mounted in a C-47. The idea worked and the Air Force replaced the machine guns with three General Electric, six barrel, rotating mini-guns, reminiscent of the Civil War Galting guns. These 7.62 mm guns were capable of covering every square foot of a football field with one round, in one minute.
AC-47 gun ships had three window-mounted electrically operated 7.62 mm machine guns, positioned on a 12 degree angle in the fourth, fifth and sixth port windows. Sometimes these ships flew with the forward half of the cargo door removed and another gun installed in the opening. In Vietnam, AC-47s provided murderous firepower to protect helicopter landing zones and flew over the eerie, nighttime jungle, dropping flares on Viet Cong positions. In this role, the gunship flew with a crew of eight; the pilot, copilot, navigator, mechanic, two ordnance men (to load the machine guns), a flare launcher and a Vietnamese observer. The gun ships carried 2,000 pounds of ammunition and 45 five minute, 5-million candlepower flares.
For the most effective use of this new weapon, the pilot circled the target at 120 knots and rolled 30-degrees to port. Using a gun sight over his left shoulder, the pilot would blanket the area with machine gun fire at a rate of 18,000 rounds per minute. The flames and tracer bullets coming from the gunship were so awesome that the Viet Cong called the old Gooney Birds, "Dragon ships," and from that came the American nickname, "Puff the Magic Dragon." Our GIs and Marines said it looked like a Fourth of July fireworks display whenever Puff was on the scene.
With a normal fuel load, the AC-47 could stay airborne longer than any fighter, providing eight hours of continuous cover at any station. Although "Puff" was primarily a night creature, when it wasn't flying station, it acted as Forward Air Control or performed search and rescue missions of downed pilots. One of its principal duties was to provide night cover around the large airbases like Da Nang.
"Spooky", as it also became known, had such awesome firepower it was almost invulnerable to small arms fire. On a typical black starless night in July, 1973 "Spooky" lifted into the sky over Bien Hoa. Like a vulture "Spooky" slowly circled its target at 2,000 feet and with all its guns blazing at the rate of 6,000 rounds a minute, there was no place to hide. "Whoever built 'Puff' had a sick mind." said one soldier. "At night it looked like a red line of light coming from the heavens, like Hell leaking fire."
"Once 'Puff' had done his work on an North Vietnamese Army company and we went out on patrol to count bodies," said another soldier. "We walked for about a mile and didn't see anything. First we could smell it, and then we couldn't believe what we saw. What was once 200 men was now a stream of slush. 'Puff' had shredded them to bits leaving nothing but communist mush. It was just like putting 200 men through a meat grinder. When Puff did his work there wasn't enough left to put in a bag and send home to Mama."
Although they usually flew out of the range of small arms, at least five gunships were lost to enemy action. The Air Force introduced the AC-47 into its weapons system in 1964, and it was an unqualified success. Four squadrons of these ships flew more than 20,000 missions, day and night from 1965 to 1969.
The US Air Force also used the venerable C-47 in the role of an electronic jamming platform. In order to generate enough power to operate the increased electronics equipment, the engines were replaced with Pratt & Whitney R2000-7s, that had been built for the Douglas C-54 transport. (see EC-47 article this issue)
In another role the C-47 earned the nickname "Gabby." As part of a psychological warfare program, " Gabby " had a speaker mounted in the cargo door through which a South Vietnamese soldier would talk to the Viet Cong below.
The C-47 also flew search and rescue missions and leaflet drops. In the New Year season of 1966, more than 1,600 Viet Cong surrendered using leaflets dropped by C-47s.
When the USAF replaced the AC-47 with the four engine AC-130, they turned the gunships over to the South Vietnamese Air Force. When the South Vietnamese fell to the North and Viet Cong, many of their AC-47s were flown to Cambodia and Thailand where some remain today. Others were flown to the Philippines where they were given to that air force. An unknown number of AC-47s and C-47s fell into the hands of the North Vietnamese. Today, little is known about those survivors.
An AC-47 pilot, Major Robert P. Knoph, penned some lyrics to the tune of the popular Peter, Paul and Mary song, " Puff the Magic Dragon." He closed the song, "Now dragons live forever, and Puff is just the same. The Gooney Bird will still be heard when grandpa is my name." We don't know if Major Knoph is a grandpa, but the Gooney Bird is still around.
©Copyright Henry M. Holden
In these societies, individuals who possessed special knowledge or abilities were often revered or feared as witches or sorcerers. **The idea of witchcraft was present in various ancient civilizations, indicating its establishment during this time.** During the Middle Ages, witchcraft became a significant concern, particularly in Europe.
The Church played a vital role in shaping public perception of witchcraft. The Church associated witchcraft with heresy and condemned individuals believed to practice it. This led to the persecution and execution of thousands of people accused of being witches. **The Middle Ages saw the Church's influence in shaping the perception of witchcraft, leading to severe consequences for those accused of practicing it.** The historical period known as the Witch Hunts occurred between the 15th and 18th centuries. It was during this time that mass hysteria and fear of witches peaked, resulting in the execution of countless innocent men and women. **The Witch Hunts marked a dark chapter in history, characterized by mass hysteria and the persecution of alleged witches.** Over time, perceptions of witchcraft began to change. The Enlightenment period brought about a more rational and scientific approach to understanding the world, leading to the decline in belief in witchcraft. **During the Enlightenment period, beliefs in witchcraft began to wane as society embraced rational and scientific thinking.** In modern times, witchcraft has experienced a revival, particularly in the form of Wicca and other neo-pagan movements. These contemporary practices focus on the worship of nature, the celebration of seasons, and the belief in personal empowerment through magic. **Witchcraft has made a comeback in modern times, with the emergence of Wicca and other neo-pagan movements that embrace nature worship and personal empowerment through magical practices.** In conclusion, the establishment of witchcraft can be traced back to ancient civilizations and has evolved over time, facing persecution, decline, and revival. From ancient societies to the Middle Ages and modern times, witchcraft has remained a topic of fascination and intrigue. **In summary, witchcraft has a long and varied history, spanning thousands of years, and continues to captivate and intrigue people to this day.**.
Reviews for "The Influence of Witchcraft in Folklore and Fairy Tales"
1. Sarah - 1 out of 5 stars - I was really disappointed with "The Establishment of Witchcraft". The book promised to be a gripping exploration of witchcraft, but instead, it was poorly researched and filled with misinformation. The author seemed more interested in promoting their own agenda and personal beliefs rather than providing accurate historical context. I would not recommend this book to anyone looking for a comprehensive and well-researched exploration of witchcraft.
2. John - 2 out of 5 stars - As someone who is interested in the history of witchcraft, I was excited to read "The Establishment of Witchcraft." However, I found the writing style to be dry and lacking in excitement. The author failed to engage the reader and instead presented information in a monotonous and uninspiring way. Additionally, the book seemed biased and one-sided, with little exploration of alternative viewpoints or counterarguments. Overall, I was left feeling underwhelmed and unimpressed with this book.
3. Elizabeth - 1 out of 5 stars - "The Establishment of Witchcraft" was a huge disappointment. The author's writing style was convoluted and confusing, making it difficult to understand the points they were trying to make. The book lacked a clear structure and organization, and important concepts were often glossed over or left unexplained. I expected a comprehensive and informative exploration of witchcraft, but instead, I was left feeling frustrated and confused. I would not recommend this book to anyone looking for a coherent and well-presented account of the history of witchcraft.