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Grace Sherwood: The “Witch” of Pungo
Those traveling through Virginia Beach, Virginia will likely find themselves driving along one of the town’s most well-traveled streets: Witchduck Road. The name is peculiar, seemingly out of place surrounded by more familiar names such as Independence Boulevard and Donation Drive. The history of this name carries a legacy dating back hundreds of years and represents one of the state’s darkest hours.
Grace White was born in 1660 in the Colony of Virginia, likely within the small town of Pungo, to a Scottish father and English mother. There is little information available concerning her upbringing, and in the spring of 1680 she married a farmer, James Sherwood, and the couple went on to have three sons. The Sherwood family was poor despite owning over one-hundred acres of land, and primarily lived amongst other small land-owning families. Grace herself worked her family’s farm land, grew her own herbs to care for both people and animals, and also acted as a midwife for women of the surrounding area. Surviving records paint the woman as attractive, stubborn, and a non-conformist who wore pants when she worked, spoke up for herself, and cared deeply for animals.
In 1697, the first accusation of witchcraft against Sherwood came when a local man accused her of using a spell to kill his bull. The court made no decision and, in turn, Grace sued for defamation with this case being resolved through a settlement. The following year, she was accused of witchcraft two more times by two separate individuals. A neighbor first complained to the court that his pigs and cotton were placed under a spell and destroyed, while another neighbor said her home was invaded when Sherwood transformed into the body of a black cat while proceeding to beat her and whip her. Both cases remained unresolved, and once again a defamation charge was brought against each party; this time without resolution. Grace and her husband were forced to pay for their court costs after each failed defamation case, further sending the family into debt. In 1701, James passed away with his wife inheriting all of his property and losing her greatest ally.
Throughout her life, Sherwood found herself embroiled in at least a dozen legal cases ranging from accusations of witchcraft to assault. In 1705, after a fight with her neighbor, Elizabeth Hill, another lawsuit was brought for assault and battery with Hill and her husband having to pay twenty shillings. As the reason behind this fight is lost to history, only speculation remains. There is, however, no doubt that this earlier conflict likely fueled the accusation of witchcraft against Sherwood the following year. Hill formally accused her rival on January 3, 1706, claiming that Sherwood bewitched her and caused her to have a miscarriage. The Princess Anne County court system sought to create two all-women jury panels to perform a search of the Sherwood family home and a physical examination of Grace herself. Great reluctance from residents made the formation of these panels difficult and both times the unwilling groups refused to carry out the searches. After nearly two months of deliberation, on March 7, a group of twelve elderly women led by previous accuser Elizabeth Barnes, were appointed to conduct the physical examination. The result of their investigation concluded the existence of two “witch’s marks” and thus, tangible proof of The Devil at work.
The Sheriff of Princess Anne County took Sherwood into custody following a decision by the county justices in May that stated the allegations against her were of great suspicion. On July 5, with Sherwood’s consent, these same justices ordered a trial by ducking to take place. When asked to repent for being a witch after being brought to Lynnhaven Parish Church, Grace Sherwood claimed “I be not a witch. I be a healer.” In the early morning of July 10, she was taken down a dirt street, now known as Witchduck Road, to the shores of the Lynnhaven River where the infamous ducking would take place. The theory behind trial by water states that if a soul is pure they will sink, while a witch or other corrupted individual will float as water will reject the unclean and unworthy. Under these guidelines, Sherwood was bound right thumb to left big toe, left thumb to right big toe, covered in a sack, and then weighed down with a thirteen pound Bible strapped to her neck. Spectators gathered to watch the event unfold and lined the riverbank to see what would befall the alleged Witch of Pungo. Miraculously, despite being tied and weighed down, Grace Sherwood was able to free herself and swim to shore. Although she escaped the ordeal with her life, this all but proved her guilt to the colonial authorities and those in attendance.
Many court records following the ducking have been lost so there is little information surrounding the details of her subsequent imprisonment. What is known for certain is that Sherwood spent nearly eight years in jail and was further ordered to pay another neighbor for six-hundred pounds of tobacco. The reason for this order is lost, as is the knowledge of if the payment was ever completed, but this verdict came several years into her imprisonment. In 1714, records show that she completed payment on back taxes for her property which indicates her release came either that year or shortly before. She spent the remainder of her life living on the family farm until she passed away at age eighty in 1740.
Governor Tim Kaine restored Grace Sherwood’s name with an informal pardon on July 10, 2006; the 300th anniversary of her ducking.
Sources
Gambony, G. (2021). Open Channel: The legacy of Grace Sherwood, the alleged “Witch of Pungo.” WHRO Public Media. Retrieved from:
Newman, L. (2009). “Under an Ill Tongue:” Witchcraft and Religion in Seventeenth-Century Virginia. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Retrieved from:
Virginia Museum of History & Culture. Grace Sherwood: The “Witch of Pungo.” Virginia Historical Society. Retrieved from:
Remembering Grace Sherwood, the “Witch of Pungo”
WILLIAMSBURG — This month in history, a legendary woman defended herself in Virginia’s most notorious witch trial.
Grace Sherwood, or the “Witch of Pungo,” was one of a number of women in the 17th and early 18th centuries who were accused of witchcraft for various reasons.
From causing the death of livestock to possessing the ability to transform into an animal, these women faced bewildering accusations that they essentially could not do a thing about.
At the time, women could not represent themselves in court, only able to appear beside their husbands in civil cases where the woman was suing for defamation and slander.
The first time Grace would do this was in 1698 and would go on to be a part of a dozen lawsuits.
Who was Grace Sherwood?
Born Grace White, she was the daughter of a literate carpenter in what would later become Princess Anne County (modern day Virginia Beach).
In 1680, she married James Sherwood, an illiterate, poor man who did not possess any land.
John White gave his son-in-law 50 acres of land when they married, and when he passed away, White left the couple the remainder of his estate.
The Sherwoods had three sons: John, James and Richard, and the lived in the rural community of Pungo.
Grace was described as a beautiful and tall woman, and, though not literate, was quite intelligent.
She was known for wearing pants instead of dresses, and other women were threatened by her attractiveness. This is one of the many traits that historians theorize as to why some witchcraft rumors were spread in the first place.
Grace acted as a midwife and grew herbs to help heal people and animals. She was particularly known for her love of animals.
The Accusations
Grace and her husband were a non-conformist couple.
James never held a position of public trust, Grace wore pants and used herbs for healing, and it was not long before they would face a spread of slanderous accusations from neighbors.
In 1698, Grace was accused by a man named Richard Capps for using witchcraft to cause the death of his bull, leading Grace and James to file a defamation lawsuit against Capps.
That same year, Grace was accused by several neighbors of witchcraft and possessing supernatural powers, including turning into a black cat.
The Sherwoods again sued for defamation, but the lawsuits were dismissed. Despite the dismissal, Grace’s reputation was ruined.
When James died in 1701, Grace did not remarry. This was uncommon for widows at that time.
In 1705, Grace was involved in a dispute with her neighbors, Luke and Elizabeth Hill. Grace sued the couple, claiming that Elizabeth had beaten her, and was awarded financial damages of 20 shillings, though Grace was never able to collect on the reward.
Not wanting his wife’s reputation damaged in the community, Luke decided to take action.
In 1706, Luke petitioned the Governor of Virginia to have Grace tried for witchcraft by his Williamsburg council.
Elizabeth told the court that Grace used her witchcraft to cause her to have a miscarriage.
The Princess Anne County justices were instructed to take the case.
Grace’s property was searched for any evidence of witchcraft and her guilt or innocence was decided upon by a jury of all women.
During the physical examination, the women spotted marks on Grace’s body that they deemed unusual to how other women’s bodies looked.
Still, both the colonial authorities in Williamsburg and the Princess Anne County justices were unable to confirm that Grace was a witch.
On July 5, 1706, the justices ordered a final test: a trial by ducking.
Trial by Ducking
On the morning of July 10, 1706, Grace was taken to a spot in the Lynnhaven River at what is today known as Witch Duck Point in Virginia Beach.
She was cross-bound, from her left thumb to her right toe and right thumb to her left toe, and thrown overboard.
“Ducking” was a commonly used method to declare a woman a witch. The water was blessed, thus considered consecrated. If they floated, they were proven to be a witch because the holy water was trying to expel the evil. If they sunk, then they were innocent and, if they drowned, could then be buried in holy ground.
Witnesses were shocked to see that Grace had somehow freed herself from her binds and swam to the surface. It was not a common thing for people at this time to know how to swim. However, what they failed to take into account was that Grace grew up on the waterway. Uncertain of this result, she was thrown in the water a second time. Once again, Grace came to the surface.
At that point, Princess Anne County felt they had enough evidence to have her tried and convicted of being a witch.
She was taken to jail before being transported to Williamsburg to stand criminal trial.
Though records from the Williamsburg trial have been destroyed, Grace was presumed to have been found guilty and went on to spend about seven years in prison before being released in 1714.
Virginia Lieutenant Governor Alexander Spotswood granted her the official legal title of her property, where she spent the remainder of her life.
She was one of only five female landowners in Virginia.
She lived a quiet, peaceful life on her property until her death in 1740.
Grace Sherwood’s story has been adapted a number of times over the years.
The statue of Grace Sherwood, which sits near Old Donation Episcopal Church in Virginia Beach at the corner of N. Witchduck Road and Independence Blvd. (WYDaily/Nancy Sheppard)
In 1973, Louisa Kyle wrote a collection of children’s stories about the history and legend of Grace called “The Witch of Pungo.”
Colonial Williamsburg’s courtroom drama program, “Cry Witch,” has attracted audiences for years with the live telling of Grace and her trial.
A supernatural horror film, “Pungo: A Witch’s Tale,” was released in 2020.
Grace’s legacy lives on in Virginia Beach through a statue at the corner of N. Witchduck Road and Independence Blvd, near Old Donation Episcopal Church.
The statue depicts Grace with a basket of herbs and a raccoon beside her to represent her love for animals.
Witchduck Road, a major thoroughfare through Virginia Beach, is named in honor of the singular ducking that occurred there 315 years ago.
On July 10, 2006, the local legend was exonerated on the charge of witchcraft by Gov. Tim Kaine in honor of the 300th anniversary of Grace’s ducking.
As for Grace, there are no records, only rumors, as to where she was buried.
With her name cleared, Grace’s legacy forever remains an important piece of Hampton Roads.
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Colonial Williamsburg’s Popular ‘Cry Witch’ Program Makes its Return
WILLIAMSBURG — For years, visitors to Colonial Williamsburg (CW) have flocked to experience an authentic witch trial and participate in deciding the fate of a Virginia “Witch” – is she guilty or innocent?
CW’s courtroom dramatic program, “Cry Witch,” has attracted audiences since the late 19 80s with its immersive and interactive retelling of the 1706 witch trial of Grace Sherwood.
RELATED STORY: Remembering Grace Sherwood, the “Witch of Pungo”“Over the past few months, I’ve been getting a ton of emails about when ‘Cry Witch’ is coming back,” CW’s Director of Entertainment Robert Currie said. “It’s a tremendously popular program and it’s a legacy program. People who visited and experienced ‘Cry Witch’ 20 years ago will come and and want to see it with their kids.”
The program was written and, for many years, directed by Carson Hudson , based on his research on witchcraft in Colonial Virginia.
The demand for performances of “Cry Witch” became so great that by 2000, the program was moved to the former Williamsburg Lodge’s theatre, which sat around 400 people.
Its most successful venue, however, was in the Capitol General Court , where Grace’s trial would have originally taken place.
While the pandemic delayed the program’s return in 2020, audiences can now experience the dramatized trial on the Charlton Stage; the program’s first time ever being performed in an outdoor venue.
Abigail Schumann, who first joined the show’s cast in the late 1980s, is now directing the program.
“It’s very immersive, especially when you’re in the Capitol, but that will convey also through the Charlton Stage, because people get to question the witnesses,” Schumann said. “The audience is part of the procedure and they get to interact with the cast, and they are actually the ones who decide the fate. There are ultimate endings whether she is guilty or innocent and that is totally in the hands of the audience.”
Audiences decide Grace Sherwood’s fate in the interactive evening program. (WYDaily/Courtesy of Colonial Williamsburg)
Schumann said that the biggest challenge is for each cast member be as authentic to their character as possible in order to allow audience members to judge the trial as if they were on a modern jury.
“You’re guided from the beginning to participate as if it’s truly the 18th century,” she said.
After all these years, what still makes “Cry Witch” such a popular program for CW patrons?
“I think it’s just the whole popular fascination with witches and witch craft and to know that this is an actual historical account,” Schumann said.
While historians presume that Grace stood trial and was found guilty in Williamsburg, the records of her actual trial in colonial capital have disappeared.
Pre-pandemic, CW’s trial programs ran seven nights a week; a model that Currie hopes to return to by spring 2022.
“We do plan to have trials return to the Capitol in November, so if you do want to see ‘Cry Witch’ in an outdoor setting in the historic area in the darkness of night, now is the time to do that,” he said.
Schumann said that she looks forward to having audiences experience the show outdoors, but said that nothing else about the program has substantially changed over the years , thanks to Hudson’s timeless script.
“It’s just a really good script,” she said. “It’s a fascinating story, but without a good script it would not have this longevity.
To purchase tickets to “Cry Witch,” visit CW’s website.
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