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The Salem Witch Trials: Hysteria and Injustice

Welcome to the first edition of the Historyinmemes Newsletter! Today, we’re delving into one of the most infamous chapters in American history: The Salem Witch Trials. Prepare yourself for a journey through a time of hysteria, superstition, and heartbreaking injustice.

🧙‍♀️ The Witch Hunt Begins In the late 17th century, the town of Salem, Massachusetts, was gripped by fear. A series of unexplained illnesses and bizarre behaviors led to accusations of witchcraft. The year was 1692, and the Salem Witch Trials had begun. Innocent women and men were accused of consorting with the devil, leading to their arrest and, in some cases, execution.

🔍 The Spark of Hysteria What ignited this fire of hysteria? A combination of factors, including religious fervor, social tension, and a belief in supernatural forces, played a role. Suspicion spread like wildfire, and the trials quickly escalated.

📜 The Trials and Accusations The court proceedings during the Salem Witch Trials were far from fair. Accusations were based on flimsy evidence, often mere rumors and hearsay. Those accused faced a grim choice: confess to witchcraft and implicate others or maintain their innocence and risk a gruesome execution.

👥 Notable Figures We’ll introduce you to some key figures in this dark drama, including Cotton Mather, a prominent Puritan minister, and Bridget Bishop, the first person to be executed during the trials.

Cotton Mather: The Influential Clergyman

Cotton Mather was a well-known Puritan minister, prolific author, and influential figure in colonial New England. Born in 1663, Mather was the son of Increase Mather, another prominent clergyman, and was raised in a deeply religious and intellectually stimulating environment.

During the Salem Witch Trials, Cotton Mather played a controversial role. While he did not directly participate in the trials or accuse individuals of witchcraft, he wrote extensively about the subject and was a vocal supporter of the witch hunts. He authored books like “Wonders of the Invisible World,” in which he defended the trials and their proceedings. Mather’s writings added a layer of intellectual legitimacy to the hysteria, further fueling the belief in witchcraft.

However, it’s important to note that Mather’s views evolved over time. He later expressed skepticism about the use of spectral evidence and the rush to judgment during the trials. His changing perspective highlights the complex nature of the Salem Witch Trials and the moral and intellectual dilemmas faced by those involved.

Bridget Bishop: The First Victim

Bridget Bishop holds the tragic distinction of being the first person to be executed as a result of the Salem Witch Trials. She was a woman of middle age who owned a tavern in Salem Village, and her independent and somewhat unconventional lifestyle made her a target for suspicion.

Bishop’s trial and execution set a chilling precedent for the trials that followed. She was accused of various acts of witchcraft, including bewitching children and animals. The evidence against her was based on testimonies of afflicted girls who claimed to have been tormented by her spectral presence.

Despite maintaining her innocence, Bridget Bishop was found guilty and hanged on June 10, 1692. Her execution marked the beginning of a tragic series of events that would see many more accused and executed for alleged witchcraft in the months that followed.

Bridget Bishop’s case serves as a stark reminder of the injustice and hysteria that characterized the Salem Witch Trials. Her wrongful conviction and execution highlight the dangers of a judicial system driven by fear, superstition, and prejudice.

🔗 Legacy and Lessons The Salem Witch Trials left a lasting impact on American history, raising questions about justice, religious fanaticism, and the power of fear. Let’s explore the lessons we can draw from this tragic episode in our past.

1. The Fragility of Justice: The Salem Witch Trials exposed the fragility of justice when fear and prejudice cloud judgment. The trials were marked by a lack of due process, reliance on spectral evidence (testimony based on dreams and visions), and the presumption of guilt. Innocent individuals were accused, arrested, and even executed without sufficient evidence or a fair trial. This serves as a stark reminder of the importance of a just and equitable legal system.

2. The Dangers of Religious Fanaticism: The Salem Witch Trials were fueled by religious fervor and a belief in supernatural forces. Zealous religious beliefs and the desire to eradicate perceived evil led to the persecution of innocent people. This episode serves as a warning against the dangers of extremism and religious fanaticism, highlighting the need for a balance between faith and reason in society.

3. The Power of Fear and Hysteria: The Salem Witch Trials illustrate the devastating consequences of mass hysteria and fear. A combination of societal tensions, economic hardships, and paranoia created an environment in which accusations of witchcraft could flourish. The trials show how fear can spread like wildfire and lead to irrational actions, even in a community that otherwise seemed stable.

4. The Importance of Presumption of Innocence: The presumption of innocence is a cornerstone of any fair justice system. The Salem Witch Trials remind us that the presumption of guilt can have dire consequences. It is crucial to uphold the principle that individuals are innocent until proven guilty and to require substantial evidence to support accusations.

5. Lessons in Tolerance and Diversity: The Salem Witch Trials underscore the importance of tolerance and acceptance of diversity. Accusations were often rooted in differences in behavior, social status, or religious beliefs. Embracing diversity and respecting the rights and beliefs of others are vital lessons to be drawn from this dark period in history.

6. The Role of Historical Memory: The Salem Witch Trials have become a lasting symbol of injustice in American history. They serve as a reminder of the need to remember and learn from our past mistakes to prevent their repetition. The trials continue to be studied, discussed, and remembered as a cautionary tale.

🧹 Memes and More As always, we’ve sprinkled some historical humor into the mix with carefully curated memes that capture the essence of the Salem Witch Trials.

📚 Recommended Reading For those eager to dive deeper into this subject, we’ve compiled a list of recommended books and resources to expand your knowledge.

“The Witches: Salem, 1692” by Stacy Schiff

Stacy Schiff’s meticulously researched book offers a detailed and immersive account of the Salem Witch Trials, shedding light on the people, events, and social dynamics that led to the hysteria.

“A Delusion of Satan: The Full Story of the Salem Witch Trials” by Frances Hill

Frances Hill’s book provides a comprehensive narrative of the Salem Witch Trials, exploring the religious, political, and social context of the time.

“The Salem Witch Trials: A Day-by-Day Chronicle of a Community Under Siege” by Marilynne K. Roach

For a day-by-day account of the events during the Salem Witch Trials, this book is an excellent choice. It provides a detailed timeline and insight into the individuals involved.

🌟 Featured Quote “To venture into the unknown is a freedom that should never be taken away. We must always remember the lessons of Salem to ensure that such injustice is never repeated.” – Evan, Founder, Historyinmemes Newsletter

The Salem Witch Trials remind us of the dangers of blind hysteria and the importance of justice in society. Join us as we uncover the chilling truths and untold stories behind this dark chapter in history.

Thank you for being a part of our historical journey. We look forward to sharing more intriguing and thought-provoking tales from the annals of history in the coming editions of the Historyinmemes Newsletter.

Stay curious and keep exploring history!

Evan Founder, Historyinmemes Newsletter

Review: Becky Nurse of Salem Is a Meme Masquerading as a Drama

Sarah Ruhl’s latest play is about a descendant of a tried and convicted American witch.

Becky Nurse (Deirdre O'Connell) poses with a wax statue of the historical Rebecca Nurse in Sarah Ruhl's Becky Nurse of Salem, directed by Rebecca Taichman, at Lincoln Center Theater's Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater.
(© Kyle Froman)

If you've spent any time on the Internet, you've encountered a meme: That's an image, often with a humorous caption, meant to convey an easily digestible message. Here's one erroneously suggesting that the Salem Witch Trials were bloodier and more sustained than similar panics in Europe. The creators of memes almost always have a political agenda, and when their subject is history, this necessitates a distortion of the facts. I couldn't help thinking about the art of meme creation as I watched Sarah Ruhl's Becky Nurse of Salem, now making its New York debut at Lincoln Center Theater.

It is inspired partly by the rage Ruhl felt after seeing a production of Arthur Miller's The Crucible — specifically, how it distorted the actual motivation behind the Salem Witch Trials to make them about a young woman's desire for an older man. "In the play Abigail was 17 but in real life she was 11. Fact. In the play he's like: 'You whore! Stop tempting me.' And I'm like, um, she's 11. More likely that John Proctor molested — sorry — courted — Abigail."

So says Becky Nurse (Deirdre O'Connell), a descendant of the executed Rebecca Nurse and a tour guide at the Salem Museum of Witchcraft, but not for long: Her tendency to go off-script and spout "truths" (there's no evidence Abigail Williams and John Proctor ever met before the trials) irks her snooty college-educated boss, Shelby (Tina Benko, with her head held aloft), who promptly fires her.

Things go from bad to worse for Becky, who is addicted to pain pills, in love with a married bartender (a cuddly Bernard White), and unsettled by the relationship her teenage granddaughter, Gail (appropriately petulant Alicia Crowder), seems to be forming with a handsome young Wiccan (Julian Sanchez). Becky visits a local witch (Candy Buckley, sporting a hilariously outsize New England accent) whose expensive spells and potions seem to turn things around. But we know she's headed nowhere good when a cop (Thomas Jay Ryan) catches Becky leading her own unlicensed tours through Salem with the wax statue of Rebecca Nurse she snatched from her former employer.

Deirdre O'Connell plays Becky, and Candy Buckley plays the Witch in Sarah Ruhl's Becky Nurse of Salem, directed by Rebecca Taichman, at Lincoln Center Theater's Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater.
(© Kyle Froman)

"Lock her up! Lock her up," cry the townspeople, suddenly transformed into Puritans (a clever quick-change made possible by costume designer Emily Rebholz). We've seen this attempt to invoke Trumpian trauma before, but the trope has diminishing returns here.

Of course, Becky Nurse was originally slated to run in the summer of 2020, when anxiety about a Trump reelection would have been reaching a boil. Is this another case of a play made less timely by its Covid delay? It still wouldn't explain Becky's irrational behavior (she's worked at the museum long enough to know that there are security cameras), nor the rapid series of misfortunes that befall her in the second act, which she spends in pretrial confinement. It's clear that Becky Nurse isn't driven by the objectives of its characters, but the motives of its author.

Director Rebecca Taichman's tight staging somewhat clothes the naked contrivance of the script. Riccardo Hernández's scenic elements easily roll on and off, lit clearly and distinctly by Barbara Samuels. A second dummy of a grim Puritan woman overlooking the stage, representing the Nurse family curse that looms over Becky, makes for a heavy-handed flourish. So do Tal Yarden's screensaver projections, which are not as magical as they seem meant to be. The cast valiantly delivers three-dimensional performances throughout, despite the cardboard play world they have been asked to inhabit.

Deirdre O'Connell and Alicia Crowder star in Sarah Ruhl's Becky Nurse of Salem, directed by Rebecca Taichman, at Lincoln Center Theater's Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater.
(© Kyle Froman)

This is especially true of O'Connell, who remains one of the most gifted actors currently working. With a winning smile and an aura of mischief you can get behind, she embodies the fighting spirit of an older woman who isn't done yet, even though society would prefer to be done with her. We've seen her play this role, although never with the leaps of credulity Ruhl asks of both performers and audience.

Ultimately, Becky Nurse suffers most from a strict adherence to the manners and conventional wisdom of the culture in which it was written: It looks down its nose at the superstition of the Puritans, but is open to Wicca. Historic accusations of witchcraft are chalked up to misogyny, ignoring the material resentments and cynical social jockeying that might have prompted them. "The Sacklers should be in fucking jail, I should not be in fucking jail," Becky exclaims, pausing for applause that never arrives. I don't think this is because most of the audience at Lincoln Center works in pharma. Rather, it's because none of these ideas are new or remotely controversial.

When The Crucible debuted, America was still very much in the midst of a red scare, and mounting a play about an actual witch hunt as a thinly veiled jab at McCarthyism was controversial and even dangerous. Miller understood that we Americans have a cyclical propensity for moral panics, and it's hard to see how that has changed since 1953. That's why Becky Nurse of Salem will, at best, become a footnote to that great American drama.

Why American Girl Dolls Are Starring in Viral History Memes

The memes place their subjects in situations ranging from historically significant to hilariously obscure, including the Battle of Lexington, the eruption of Mount Vesuvius, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire and more. Illustration by Meilan Solly / Photos via American Girl, Wikimedia Commons under public domain, Freepik

When American Girl, the toy company known for its deeply researched, accessory-toting line of historical dolls, announced the rerelease of six beloved fictional characters—several of whom had previously been discontinued—last summer, fans flooded social media with fond memories and plans to buy replacements for well-worn childhood dolls.

Some doll owners extolled the virtues of Kit Kittredge, a cub reporter whose story is set during the Great Depression, while others praised Addy Walker, who escapes slavery during the Civil War and was the company’s first Black character. Still others highlighted Felicity Merriman, a feisty tomboy from colonial Virginia, and Samantha Parkington, a prim and proper Victorian girl.

“We’ve honestly been blown away [by the response],” Julie Parks, American Girl’s director of public relations, told Smithsonian magazine in June 2021. “. We’re really humbled by this opportunity to not only [see] how we’ve impacted the lives of so many girls in a positive way but [also] to inspire a new generation.”

A year after American Girl’s 35th anniversary extravaganza brought the company back into the nostalgia-fueled limelight, its characters are once again popping up on social media feeds. This time around, writes Valeriya Safronova for the New York Times, the dolls are the stars of memes set during “other historical dramas, many of them veering into the absurd.”

The formula goes like this: “We need an American Girl doll who…” lived through situations ranging from historically significant to hilariously obscure: who was on the Grassy Knoll in Dallas, Texas, when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated; who went down with the Titanic; who survived the Great Molasses Flood of 1919; who witnessed Pope Gregory IX declare war on cats in 1233.

Popularized by such Instagram accounts as @hellicity_merriman, @juuliealbright and @klit.klittredge, the memes feature both historical and modern dolls (a separate line known as “Truly Me”). Characters don period-appropriate attire while standing in front of tailor-made backdrops: A doll who was “on the Mayflower in 1620 but fell off,” for instance, wears a modest cap, a petticoat and an apron, while a toga-clad doll who escaped from Pompeii appears alongside a painting of Mount Vesuvius erupting in 79 C.E. The characters’ “blank yet slightly knowing half-smiles [dominate] the images,” notes Jessica Grose for the Times.

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